{"id":176,"date":"2022-10-31T13:28:36","date_gmt":"2022-10-31T13:28:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=176"},"modified":"2022-11-04T22:50:34","modified_gmt":"2022-11-04T22:50:34","slug":"6-badanie-twardosci-metali","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/chapter\/6-badanie-twardosci-metali\/","title":{"raw":"6. Badanie twardo\u015bci metali","rendered":"6. Badanie twardo\u015bci metali"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>1. Twardo\u015b\u0107 jako cecha metali<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Do budowy urz\u0105dze\u0144 i aparat\u00f3w elektrycznych najcz\u0119\u015bciej u\u017cywanym materia\u0142em s\u0105 metale, od ich parametr\u00f3w zale\u017cne s\u0105 wi\u0119c cechy konstrukcyjne i u\u017cytkowe ca\u0142ego urz\u0105dzenia. Jedn\u0105 z\u00a0podstawowych cech mechanicznych metali jest, opr\u00f3cz wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci na rozci\u0105ganie i \u015bciskanie,\u00a0 twardo\u015b\u0107. Twardo\u015b\u0107 informuje nas o odporno\u015bci materia\u0142u na odkszta\u0142cenie trwa\u0142e pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142 skupionych dzia\u0142aj\u0105cych na ma\u0142\u0105 powierzchni\u0119 materia\u0142u. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od budowy krystalicznej materia\u0142u, sk\u0142adu chemicznego i ilo\u015bci zanieczyszcze\u0144 materia\u0142y maj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cn\u0105 odporno\u015b\u0107 na odkszta\u0142canie. Od momentu, gdy upowszechni\u0142a si\u0119 produkcja przemys\u0142owa usi\u0142owano znale\u017a\u0107 zwi\u0105zek pomi\u0119dzy sk\u0142adem chemicznym metali, a ich w\u0142asno\u015bciami fizycznymi i\u00a0elektrycznymi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Bottone w 1873<\/em><\/strong> roku wnioskuje, \u017ce twardo\u015b\u0107 cia\u0142 prostych jest odwrotnie proporcjonalna do obj\u0119to\u015bci atomowej,<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Barus w 1879<\/em><\/strong> roku wnioskuje, \u017ce op\u00f3r elektryczny stali wzrasta wraz z ich twardo\u015bci\u0105,<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Benedicks w 1901<\/em><\/strong> roku ustala \u015bcis\u0142y zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy budow\u0105 stop\u00f3w, a ich twardo\u015bci\u0105. Zwi\u0105zek ten jest natury og\u00f3lnej i m\u00f3wi, \u017ce twardo\u015b\u0107 czystych metali wzrasta przy rozpuszczaniu w nich nawet niewielkich ilo\u015bci innych pierwiastk\u00f3w. Im bardziej nasycony roztw\u00f3r tym wi\u0119ksza twardo\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Kurnakow w 1908<\/em><\/strong> roku wnioskuje, \u017ce roztwory sta\u0142e powi\u0119kszaj\u0105 twardo\u015b\u0107 stop\u00f3w i\u00a0podnosz\u0105 op\u00f3r elektryczny materia\u0142u.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Metody badania twardo\u015bci mo\u017cemy podzieli\u0107 ze wzgl\u0119du na spos\u00f3b dzia\u0142ania obci\u0105\u017cenia na statyczne i dynamiczne. W metodach statycznych obci\u0105\u017cenie wzrasta powoli od zera do warto\u015bci ustalonej, a w metodach dynamicznych jest wywo\u0142ywane energi\u0105 kinetyczn\u0105 wg\u0142\u0119bnika \u2013 nast\u0119puje jego uderzenie w badany materia\u0142. W \u0107wiczeniu b\u0119dziemy badali twardo\u015b\u0107 metali metod\u0105 statyczn\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pomiar twardo\u015bci opiera si\u0119 na fakcie, \u017ce materia\u0142y twardsze pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142y pozostawiaj\u0105 odcisk w materia\u0142ach bardziej mi\u0119kkich. Na zasadzie tej oparto prawie wszystkie u\u017cywane do tej pory skale okre\u015blania twardo\u015bci. Pr\u00f3ba twardo\u015bci materia\u0142u jest pr\u00f3b\u0105 bardzo rozpowszechnion\u0105 z\u00a0kilku przyczyn:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li>\u0142atwo okre\u015bli\u0107 zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy twardo\u015bci\u0105, a cechami u\u017cytkowymi materia\u0142u,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pomiar jest szybki i odbywa si\u0119 na niewielkiej przestrzeni materia\u0142u,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>nie wyst\u0119puje niszczenie materia\u0142u podczas badania,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mo\u017cna oznacza\u0107 nawet cienkie warstwy materia\u0142u,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>przyrz\u0105dy do badania twardo\u015bci mo\u017cna \u0142atwo przemieszcza\u0107.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pomiary twardo\u015bci zdefiniowano w normie PN-EN ISO 6508-1, kt\u00f3ra jest odpowiednikiem normy ISO 6508-1:1999. Okre\u015bla zasady, metody i skale do pomiaru twardo\u015bci. Nale\u017cy zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 uwag\u0119, \u017ce stosowanie jako wg\u0142\u0119bnika sto\u017cka diamentowego zapewnia dokonanie pomiaru przy bardzo du\u017cej twardo\u015bci materia\u0142u. Diament jako odmiana w\u0119gla ma na skutek swojej struktury krystalicznej najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 znan\u0105 nam twardo\u015b\u0107. Dodatkowo dla materia\u0142\u00f3w mi\u0119kkich w metodzie Rockwella przewidziano zastosowanie jako wg\u0142\u0119bnika kulki stalowej o \u015brednicy 1,5875 mm. Przy pomiarze za pomoc\u0105 kulki pracujemy na skali HRB, a przy pomiarze za pomoc\u0105 sto\u017cka diamentowego na skali HRC. Kwestie zastosowania poszczeg\u00f3lnych wg\u0142\u0119bnik\u00f3w i skal twardo\u015bci przedstawiono w dalszej cz\u0119\u015bci instrukcji za pomoc\u0105 tabeli.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a02. <\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Twardo\u015b\u0107 wg metody Rockwella<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">W naszym \u0107wiczeniu do okre\u015blania twardo\u015bci r\u00f3\u017cnych metali b\u0119dziemy pos\u0142ugiwa\u0107 si\u0119 metod\u0105 Rockwella. Zasada pomiaru twardo\u015bci metod\u0105 Rockwella opiera si\u0119 na wciskaniu wg\u0142\u0119bnika w\u00a0powierzchni\u0119 pr\u00f3bki dwustopniowo. Najpierw si\u0142\u0105 wst\u0119pn\u0105 F<sub>0<\/sub>, kt\u00f3ra usuwa napr\u0119\u017cenia spr\u0119\u017cyste z mocowania wg\u0142\u0119bnika oraz samej pr\u00f3bki, a potem si\u0142\u0105 zasadnicz\u0105 F<sub>0<\/sub>+F<sub>1<\/sub> powoduj\u0105c\u0105 trwa\u0142e odkszta\u0142cenie w pr\u00f3bce. Mierzymy trwa\u0142y przyrost g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci <strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong> pod wp\u0142ywem okre\u015blonej si\u0142y. Na rysunku przedstawiono schematycznie zasad\u0119 pomiaru twardo\u015bci t\u0105 metod\u0105.<\/p>\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1111\" height=\"833\" class=\"wp-image-178 aligncenter\" \/>\r\n<table class=\"no-lines aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 15px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px;vertical-align: top\">1 \u2013\u00a0 G\u0142\u0119boko\u015b\u0107 odcisku pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej F<sub>0<\/sub>,\r\n\r\n2 \u2013\u00a0 G\u0142\u0119boko\u015b\u0107 odcisku pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej F<sub>0<\/sub> + F<sub>1<\/sub>,\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">3 \u2013\u00a0 Spr\u0119\u017cysty powr\u00f3t po usuni\u0119ciu g\u0142\u00f3wnej si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej F<sub>1<\/sub>,<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px;vertical-align: top\">4 \u2013\u00a0 Trwa\u0142y przyrost g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci odcisku <strong><em>h,<\/em><\/strong>\r\n\r\n5 \u2013\u00a0 Powierzchnia pr\u00f3bki,\r\n\r\n6 \u2013\u00a0 P\u0142aszczyzna odniesienia,\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">7 \u2013\u00a0 Powierzchnia wg\u0142\u0119bnika.<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Do badania twardo\u015bci metod\u0105 Rockwella stosujemy przyrz\u0105d zwany twardo\u015bciomierzem Rockwella, kt\u00f3ry zapewnia otrzymanie odpowiednich si\u0142 w odpowiednim czasie, zgodnych z wymogami normy oraz wg\u0142\u0119bnika diamentowego o k\u0105cie rozwarcia 120\u00ba i promieniu krzywizny 0,2 mm, lub wg\u0142\u0119bnika kulkowego wykonanego ze stali lub w\u0119glik\u00f3w spiekanych o \u015brednicy 1,5875 mm lub 3,175 mm. W tabeli zestawiono u\u017cywane symbole twardo\u015bci, wg\u0142\u0119bniki i si\u0142y wymagane przez norm\u0119 przy badaniu twardo\u015bci metali. Przy badaniu twardo\u015bci materia\u0142\u00f3w cienkich i twardo\u015bci powierzchniowych stosujemy inne przyrz\u0105dy i skale przewidziane w normie. Twardo\u015b\u0107 oznaczamy symbolem H (ang. \u2013 Hard) oraz liter\u0105 R (od metody Rockwella) i trzeci\u0105 liter\u0105 identyfikuj\u0105c\u0105 zastosowana skal\u0119 A\u2013K.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 166px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Skala<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Rodzaj wg\u0142\u0119bnika<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Si\u0142a obci\u0105\u017cenia wst\u0119pnego F<sub>0<\/sub> [N]<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Si\u0142a obci\u0105\u017cenia g\u0142\u00f3wnego F<sub>1<\/sub> [N]<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Si\u0142a obci\u0105\u017cenia ca\u0142kowitego F [N]<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Zakres <\/strong>\r\n<strong>stosowalno\u015bci<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRA<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Sto\u017cek diamentowy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\" rowspan=\"9\">98,07<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">490,3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">588,4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">20HRA - 88HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">B<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRB<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 1,5875 mm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">882,6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">980,7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">20HRB - 100HRB<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Sto\u017cek diamentowy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1373<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1471<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">20HRC - 70HRC<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">D<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRD<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Sto\u017cek diamentowy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">882,6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">980,7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">40HRD - 77HRD<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">E<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRE<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 3,175 mm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">882,6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">980,7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">70HRE - 100HRE<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">F<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRF<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 1,5875 mm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">490,3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">588,4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">60HRF - 100HRE<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">G<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRG<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 1,5875 mm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1373<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1471<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">30HRG - 94HRG<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">H<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRH<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 3,175 mm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">490,3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">588,4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">80HRH - 100HRH<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">K<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRK<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 3,175 mm<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1373<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1471<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">40HRK - 100HRK<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Okre\u015blenie twardo\u015bci nast\u0119puje przez co najmniej pi\u0119ciokrotny pomiar danej pr\u00f3bki oraz dodanie poprawek ze wzgl\u0119du na promie\u0144 badanej pr\u00f3bki.<\/p>\r\n<strong>3. Przygotowanie pr\u00f3bki<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Badane pr\u00f3bki powinny spe\u0142nia\u0107 nast\u0119puj\u0105ce warunki:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li>by\u0107 g\u0142adkie pozbawione warstwy tlenk\u00f3w farb i bez \u015blad\u00f3w po spawaniu,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>by\u0107 wybrane z materia\u0142u bez zmian twardo\u015bci powierzchniowej od obr\u00f3bki na zimno i\u00a0nagrzewania,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>by\u0107 p\u0142askie i g\u0142adkie, aby zminimalizowa\u0107 wp\u0142yw nier\u00f3wno\u015bci na pomiar,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>by\u0107 grube na tyle, aby odcisk nie by\u0142 widoczny na przeciwnej stronie pr\u00f3bki,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>minimalna grubo\u015b\u0107 pr\u00f3bki musi by\u0107 10x wi\u0119ksza od trwa\u0142ego przyrostu g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci <strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong> dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika sto\u017ckowego i 15x wi\u0119ksza ni\u017c <strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong> dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika kulkowego,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>do pomiaru pr\u00f3bek o powierzchni sferycznej lub cylindrycznej nale\u017cy stosowa\u0107 poprawki wed\u0142ug tabeli,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pomiary wykonujemy w temperaturze 10 \u00f7 35\u00baC,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pr\u00f3bka musi by\u0107 umieszczona na sztywnym pod\u0142o\u017cu i podparta tak, aby uniemo\u017cliwi\u0107 jej przesuwanie,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>powierzchnia badana musi by\u0107 prostopad\u0142a do osi wg\u0142\u0119bnika i dzia\u0142ania si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>przy badaniu pr\u00f3bek o kszta\u0142cie cylindrycznym konieczne jest stosownie podstawki unieruchamiaj\u0105cej pr\u00f3bk\u0119.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Odpowiednio przygotowane pr\u00f3bki do bada\u0144 posiadaj\u0105 kszta\u0142t p\u0142askich kr\u0105\u017ck\u00f3w b\u0105d\u017a prostok\u0105t\u00f3w. Na pr\u00f3bkach znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 \u015blady po poprzednich pomiarach i ustawiaj\u0105c pr\u00f3bk\u0119 nale\u017cy uwa\u017ca\u0107, aby usytuowa\u0107 wg\u0142\u0119bnik w obszarze gdzie nie ma poprzednich odcisk\u00f3w. Je\u017celi z powodu zbyt du\u017cej liczby odcisk\u00f3w pomiar jest niemo\u017cliwy nale\u017cy odwr\u00f3ci\u0107 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 i zacz\u0105\u0107 pomiary po drugiej stronie pr\u00f3bki. Twardo\u015b\u0107 wyra\u017camy w stopniach Rockwella.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_182\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"554\"]<img src=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-191x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"870\" class=\" wp-image-182\" \/> Widok og\u00f3lny twardo\u015bciomierza; 1 - stolik pomiarowy, 2 - \u015bruba dociskowa, 3 - wg\u0142\u0119bnik pomiarowy, 4 - wska\u017anik odczytowy, 5 - korba naci\u0105gu spr\u0119\u017cyny, 6 - przycisk pomiarowy[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Przy pomiarach post\u0119pujemy w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\r\n \t<li>Za pomoc\u0105 korby naci\u0105gamy spr\u0119\u017cyn\u0119 twardo\u015bciomierza.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Umieszczamy badana pr\u00f3bk\u0119 na stoliku pomiarowym twardo\u015bciomierza.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pokr\u0119caj\u0105c \u015brub\u0105 dociskow\u0105 w kierunku odwrotnym od wskazywanego przez strza\u0142ki doprowadzamy do styku wg\u0142\u0119bnika z badan\u0105 pr\u00f3bk\u0105.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Zwi\u0119kszamy docisk za pomoc\u0105 \u015bruby a\u017c do momentu, gdy na wska\u017aniku pomiarowym ma\u0142a wskaz\u00f3wka znajdowa\u0107 si\u0119 b\u0119dzie na czerwonym polu, a du\u017ca b\u0119dzie wskazywa\u0107 zero.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Naciskamy przycisk pomiarowy. Nast\u0119puje zwolnienie spr\u0119\u017cyny.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Po zatrzymaniu korby spr\u0119\u017cyny nale\u017cy ponownie j\u0105 naci\u0105gn\u0105\u0107, a ze skali odczyta\u0107 twardo\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Przy pomiarach za pomoc\u0105 wg\u0142\u0119bnika diamentowego odczytujemy wskazania ze skali czarnej, a przy wg\u0142\u0119bniku kulkowym ze skali czerwonej.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Po badaniu nale\u017cy pr\u00f3bk\u0119 odsun\u0105\u0107 od wg\u0142\u0119bnika kr\u0119c\u0105c \u015brub\u0105 w kierunku strza\u0142ek.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wyniki pomiar\u00f3w notujemy w tabeli.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Je\u017celi twardo\u015b\u0107 mierzona przy pomocy wg\u0142\u0119bnika diamentowego jest mniejsza ni\u017c 20 HRC nale\u017cy przej\u015b\u0107 na pomiary wg\u0142\u0119bnikiem kulkowym.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Przy podawaniu twardo\u015bci dla powierzchni zakrzywionych nale\u017cy stosowa\u0107 poprawki wg tabeli.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika typu sto\u017cek diamentowy, skale Rockwella A; C; D<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 255px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 30px\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Twardo\u015b\u0107 Rockwella<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\" colspan=\"9\"><strong>Promie\u0144 krzywizny [mm]<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>6,5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>9,5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>11<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>12,5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>16<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>19<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>20<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>25<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>30<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>35<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>40<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>45<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>50<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>55<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>60<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>65<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>75<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>80<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>85<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>90<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">Poprawki wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c 3 HRA; HRC; HRD s\u0105 niedopuszczalne!<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika typu kulowego f = 1,5875 mm, skale Rockwella B; F; G<\/span>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Twardo\u015b\u0107 Rockwella<\/strong>\r\n<strong>\r\n<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 70%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"7\"><strong>Promie\u0144 krzywizny [mm]<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>6,5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>9,5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>11<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>12,5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>20<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>30<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>40<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>50<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>60<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>70<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>80<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>90<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>100<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">0,5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nPoprawki wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c 5 HRB; HRF; HRG s\u0105 niedopuszczalne!\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Dodanie poprawki polega na tym, \u017ce gdy badana powierzchnia ma okre\u015blony promie\u0144 krzywizny powierzchni do u\u015brednionego wyniku uzyskanego w wyniku serii pi\u0119ciu pomiar\u00f3w dodajemy odpowiednio okre\u015blon\u0105 liczb\u0119 stopni Rockwella. Podaj\u0105c warto\u015b\u0107 twardo\u015bci nale\u017cy uwzgl\u0119dni\u0107 dopuszczalny b\u0142\u0105d pomiaru, b\u0142\u0119dy te s\u0105 okre\u015blone przez norm\u0119 a ich warto\u015bci podaje tabela. Prawid\u0142owo podana twardo\u015b\u0107 to np. (25 \u00b12) HRC.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 428px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 30px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle\"><strong>Skala twardo\u015bci Rockwella<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 30px;text-align: center\"><strong>Zakres wzorc\u00f3w<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 30px;text-align: center\"><strong>Dopuszczalny b\u0142\u0105d<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 30px;text-align: center\"><strong>Dopuszczalna powtarzalno\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">20 HRA do \u2264 75 HRA\r\n&gt; 75 HRA do \u2264 88 HRA<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 2 HRA\r\n\u00b1 1,5 HRA<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,02(100-H)<sup>(a)<\/sup>\r\nlub 0,8 jednostki HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 90px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">B<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">20 HRB do \u2264 45 HRB\r\n<span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">45 HRB do \u2264 80 HRB\r\n<\/span>&gt; 80 HRB do \u2264 100 HRB<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 4 HRB\r\n\u00b1 3 HRB\r\n\u00b1 2 HRB<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)\r\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">20 HRC do \u2264 70 HRC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 1,5 HRC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,02(100-H)\r\nlub 0,8 jednostki HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">D<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">40 HRD do \u2264 70 HRD\r\n&gt; 70 HRD do \u2264 77 HRD<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 2 HRD\r\n\u00b1 1,5 HRD<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)\r\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">E<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">70 HRE do \u2264 90 HRE\r\n&gt; 90 HRE do \u2264 100 HRE<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 2,5 HRE\r\n\u00b1 2 HRE<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)\r\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">F<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">80 HRF do \u2264 90 HRF\r\n&gt; 90 HRF do \u2264 100 HRF<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 3 HRF\r\n\u00b1 2 HRF<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)\r\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 100.072%\" colspan=\"4\">(a) - zawsze nale\u017cy wybra\u0107 warto\u015b\u0107 wi\u0119ksz\u0105<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 100.072%;height: 15px\" colspan=\"4\">H - \u015brednia twardo\u015b\u0107 Rockwella z minimum pi\u0119ciu pomiar\u00f3w<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>4. Opracowanie wynik\u00f3w<\/strong>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Otrzymane wyniki twardo\u015bci nale\u017cy zanotowa\u0107 w tabeli, a nast\u0119pnie wyliczy\u0107 \u015bredni\u0105 twardo\u015b\u0107 dla danego materia\u0142u. Pomiary walca zanotowa\u0107 dla przynajmniej trzech stref o r\u00f3\u017cnej twardo\u015bci. Nast\u0119pnie nale\u017cy oznaczy\u0107 b\u0142\u0105d pomiaru oraz jego powtarzalno\u015b\u0107. Dla pr\u00f3bek o nieznanych nazwach nale\u017cy przy pomocy literatury spr\u00f3bowa\u0107 ustali\u0107 rodzaj materia\u0142u, z kt\u00f3rego zosta\u0142y wykonane. Poni\u017cej przedstawiono przyk\u0142adowa tabel\u0119 pomiarow\u0105.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 160px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Lp.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Rodzaj materia\u0142u<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Skala twardo\u015bci<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Twardo\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>\u015arednia twardo\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>B\u0142\u0105d pomiaru<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Powtarzalno\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px;text-align: center\" rowspan=\"5\">1.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 10px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 10px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px;text-align: center\" rowspan=\"5\">2.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nRysunek poni\u017cej\u00a0 przedstawia budow\u0119 wewn\u0119trzn\u0105 przyk\u0142adowego twardo\u015bciomierza Rockwella.\r\n\r\n<img src=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-235x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"807\" height=\"1030\" class=\"wp-image-183 aligncenter\" \/>\r\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>T\u0142umik olejowy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>D\u017awignia<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trzpie\u0144 mierniczy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wg\u0142\u0119bnik<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Czujnik<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Korbka<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u015aruba podno\u015bna<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stolik przedmiotowy<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n<ol start=\"9\">\r\n \t<li>Stolik przedmiotowy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>K\u00f3\u0142ko<\/li>\r\n \t<li>P\u0142yta g\u00f3rna<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u015aruba oporowa<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Zwalniacz<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ko\u0142o z\u0119bate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Segment z\u0119baty<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Segment z\u0119baty<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\r\n<ol start=\"17\">\r\n \t<li>Z\u0119batka z trzpieniem<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wieszak z szalk\u0105<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Obci\u0105\u017cnik<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Przedmiot badany<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u015aruba regulacyjna<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nakr\u0119tka<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Urz\u0105dzenie dociskowe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spr\u0119\u017cyna<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p><strong>1. Twardo\u015b\u0107 jako cecha metali<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Do budowy urz\u0105dze\u0144 i aparat\u00f3w elektrycznych najcz\u0119\u015bciej u\u017cywanym materia\u0142em s\u0105 metale, od ich parametr\u00f3w zale\u017cne s\u0105 wi\u0119c cechy konstrukcyjne i u\u017cytkowe ca\u0142ego urz\u0105dzenia. Jedn\u0105 z\u00a0podstawowych cech mechanicznych metali jest, opr\u00f3cz wytrzyma\u0142o\u015bci na rozci\u0105ganie i \u015bciskanie,\u00a0 twardo\u015b\u0107. Twardo\u015b\u0107 informuje nas o odporno\u015bci materia\u0142u na odkszta\u0142cenie trwa\u0142e pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142 skupionych dzia\u0142aj\u0105cych na ma\u0142\u0105 powierzchni\u0119 materia\u0142u. W zale\u017cno\u015bci od budowy krystalicznej materia\u0142u, sk\u0142adu chemicznego i ilo\u015bci zanieczyszcze\u0144 materia\u0142y maj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cn\u0105 odporno\u015b\u0107 na odkszta\u0142canie. Od momentu, gdy upowszechni\u0142a si\u0119 produkcja przemys\u0142owa usi\u0142owano znale\u017a\u0107 zwi\u0105zek pomi\u0119dzy sk\u0142adem chemicznym metali, a ich w\u0142asno\u015bciami fizycznymi i\u00a0elektrycznymi.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong><em>Bottone w 1873<\/em><\/strong> roku wnioskuje, \u017ce twardo\u015b\u0107 cia\u0142 prostych jest odwrotnie proporcjonalna do obj\u0119to\u015bci atomowej,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Barus w 1879<\/em><\/strong> roku wnioskuje, \u017ce op\u00f3r elektryczny stali wzrasta wraz z ich twardo\u015bci\u0105,<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Benedicks w 1901<\/em><\/strong> roku ustala \u015bcis\u0142y zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy budow\u0105 stop\u00f3w, a ich twardo\u015bci\u0105. Zwi\u0105zek ten jest natury og\u00f3lnej i m\u00f3wi, \u017ce twardo\u015b\u0107 czystych metali wzrasta przy rozpuszczaniu w nich nawet niewielkich ilo\u015bci innych pierwiastk\u00f3w. Im bardziej nasycony roztw\u00f3r tym wi\u0119ksza twardo\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Kurnakow w 1908<\/em><\/strong> roku wnioskuje, \u017ce roztwory sta\u0142e powi\u0119kszaj\u0105 twardo\u015b\u0107 stop\u00f3w i\u00a0podnosz\u0105 op\u00f3r elektryczny materia\u0142u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Metody badania twardo\u015bci mo\u017cemy podzieli\u0107 ze wzgl\u0119du na spos\u00f3b dzia\u0142ania obci\u0105\u017cenia na statyczne i dynamiczne. W metodach statycznych obci\u0105\u017cenie wzrasta powoli od zera do warto\u015bci ustalonej, a w metodach dynamicznych jest wywo\u0142ywane energi\u0105 kinetyczn\u0105 wg\u0142\u0119bnika \u2013 nast\u0119puje jego uderzenie w badany materia\u0142. W \u0107wiczeniu b\u0119dziemy badali twardo\u015b\u0107 metali metod\u0105 statyczn\u0105.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pomiar twardo\u015bci opiera si\u0119 na fakcie, \u017ce materia\u0142y twardsze pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142y pozostawiaj\u0105 odcisk w materia\u0142ach bardziej mi\u0119kkich. Na zasadzie tej oparto prawie wszystkie u\u017cywane do tej pory skale okre\u015blania twardo\u015bci. Pr\u00f3ba twardo\u015bci materia\u0142u jest pr\u00f3b\u0105 bardzo rozpowszechnion\u0105 z\u00a0kilku przyczyn:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>\u0142atwo okre\u015bli\u0107 zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy twardo\u015bci\u0105, a cechami u\u017cytkowymi materia\u0142u,<\/li>\n<li>pomiar jest szybki i odbywa si\u0119 na niewielkiej przestrzeni materia\u0142u,<\/li>\n<li>nie wyst\u0119puje niszczenie materia\u0142u podczas badania,<\/li>\n<li>mo\u017cna oznacza\u0107 nawet cienkie warstwy materia\u0142u,<\/li>\n<li>przyrz\u0105dy do badania twardo\u015bci mo\u017cna \u0142atwo przemieszcza\u0107.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pomiary twardo\u015bci zdefiniowano w normie PN-EN ISO 6508-1, kt\u00f3ra jest odpowiednikiem normy ISO 6508-1:1999. Okre\u015bla zasady, metody i skale do pomiaru twardo\u015bci. Nale\u017cy zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 uwag\u0119, \u017ce stosowanie jako wg\u0142\u0119bnika sto\u017cka diamentowego zapewnia dokonanie pomiaru przy bardzo du\u017cej twardo\u015bci materia\u0142u. Diament jako odmiana w\u0119gla ma na skutek swojej struktury krystalicznej najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 znan\u0105 nam twardo\u015b\u0107. Dodatkowo dla materia\u0142\u00f3w mi\u0119kkich w metodzie Rockwella przewidziano zastosowanie jako wg\u0142\u0119bnika kulki stalowej o \u015brednicy 1,5875 mm. Przy pomiarze za pomoc\u0105 kulki pracujemy na skali HRB, a przy pomiarze za pomoc\u0105 sto\u017cka diamentowego na skali HRC. Kwestie zastosowania poszczeg\u00f3lnych wg\u0142\u0119bnik\u00f3w i skal twardo\u015bci przedstawiono w dalszej cz\u0119\u015bci instrukcji za pomoc\u0105 tabeli.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a02. <\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 1em\">Twardo\u015b\u0107 wg metody Rockwella<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">W naszym \u0107wiczeniu do okre\u015blania twardo\u015bci r\u00f3\u017cnych metali b\u0119dziemy pos\u0142ugiwa\u0107 si\u0119 metod\u0105 Rockwella. Zasada pomiaru twardo\u015bci metod\u0105 Rockwella opiera si\u0119 na wciskaniu wg\u0142\u0119bnika w\u00a0powierzchni\u0119 pr\u00f3bki dwustopniowo. Najpierw si\u0142\u0105 wst\u0119pn\u0105 F<sub>0<\/sub>, kt\u00f3ra usuwa napr\u0119\u017cenia spr\u0119\u017cyste z mocowania wg\u0142\u0119bnika oraz samej pr\u00f3bki, a potem si\u0142\u0105 zasadnicz\u0105 F<sub>0<\/sub>+F<sub>1<\/sub> powoduj\u0105c\u0105 trwa\u0142e odkszta\u0142cenie w pr\u00f3bce. Mierzymy trwa\u0142y przyrost g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci <strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong> pod wp\u0142ywem okre\u015blonej si\u0142y. Na rysunku przedstawiono schematycznie zasad\u0119 pomiaru twardo\u015bci t\u0105 metod\u0105.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1111\" height=\"833\" class=\"wp-image-178 aligncenter\" srcset=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-300x225.png 300w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-768x575.png 768w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-1536x1150.png 1536w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-65x49.png 65w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-225x168.png 225w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski-350x262.png 350w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/kreski.png 1753w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1111px) 100vw, 1111px\" \/><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 15px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px;vertical-align: top\">1 \u2013\u00a0 G\u0142\u0119boko\u015b\u0107 odcisku pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej F<sub>0<\/sub>,<\/p>\n<p>2 \u2013\u00a0 G\u0142\u0119boko\u015b\u0107 odcisku pod wp\u0142ywem si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej F<sub>0<\/sub> + F<sub>1<\/sub>,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">3 \u2013\u00a0 Spr\u0119\u017cysty powr\u00f3t po usuni\u0119ciu g\u0142\u00f3wnej si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej F<sub>1<\/sub>,<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px;vertical-align: top\">4 \u2013\u00a0 Trwa\u0142y przyrost g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci odcisku <strong><em>h,<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>5 \u2013\u00a0 Powierzchnia pr\u00f3bki,<\/p>\n<p>6 \u2013\u00a0 P\u0142aszczyzna odniesienia,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">7 \u2013\u00a0 Powierzchnia wg\u0142\u0119bnika.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Do badania twardo\u015bci metod\u0105 Rockwella stosujemy przyrz\u0105d zwany twardo\u015bciomierzem Rockwella, kt\u00f3ry zapewnia otrzymanie odpowiednich si\u0142 w odpowiednim czasie, zgodnych z wymogami normy oraz wg\u0142\u0119bnika diamentowego o k\u0105cie rozwarcia 120\u00ba i promieniu krzywizny 0,2 mm, lub wg\u0142\u0119bnika kulkowego wykonanego ze stali lub w\u0119glik\u00f3w spiekanych o \u015brednicy 1,5875 mm lub 3,175 mm. W tabeli zestawiono u\u017cywane symbole twardo\u015bci, wg\u0142\u0119bniki i si\u0142y wymagane przez norm\u0119 przy badaniu twardo\u015bci metali. Przy badaniu twardo\u015bci materia\u0142\u00f3w cienkich i twardo\u015bci powierzchniowych stosujemy inne przyrz\u0105dy i skale przewidziane w normie. Twardo\u015b\u0107 oznaczamy symbolem H (ang. \u2013 Hard) oraz liter\u0105 R (od metody Rockwella) i trzeci\u0105 liter\u0105 identyfikuj\u0105c\u0105 zastosowana skal\u0119 A\u2013K.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 166px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Skala<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Symbol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Rodzaj wg\u0142\u0119bnika<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Si\u0142a obci\u0105\u017cenia wst\u0119pnego F<sub>0<\/sub> [N]<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Si\u0142a obci\u0105\u017cenia g\u0142\u00f3wnego F<sub>1<\/sub> [N]<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Si\u0142a obci\u0105\u017cenia ca\u0142kowitego F [N]<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 31px;text-align: center\"><strong>Zakres <\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>stosowalno\u015bci<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRA<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Sto\u017cek diamentowy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\" rowspan=\"9\">98,07<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">490,3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">588,4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">20HRA &#8211; 88HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 1,5875 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">882,6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">980,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">20HRB &#8211; 100HRB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Sto\u017cek diamentowy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1373<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1471<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">20HRC &#8211; 70HRC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Sto\u017cek diamentowy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">882,6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">980,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">40HRD &#8211; 77HRD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRE<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 3,175 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">882,6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">980,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">70HRE &#8211; 100HRE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">F<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 1,5875 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">490,3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">588,4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">60HRF &#8211; 100HRE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">G<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 1,5875 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1373<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1471<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">30HRG &#8211; 94HRG<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">H<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRH<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 3,175 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">490,3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">588,4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">80HRH &#8211; 100HRH<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.32413%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">K<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4424%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">HRK<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0906%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">Kulka 3,175 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1373<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">1471<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\">40HRK &#8211; 100HRK<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Okre\u015blenie twardo\u015bci nast\u0119puje przez co najmniej pi\u0119ciokrotny pomiar danej pr\u00f3bki oraz dodanie poprawek ze wzgl\u0119du na promie\u0144 badanej pr\u00f3bki.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Przygotowanie pr\u00f3bki<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>Badane pr\u00f3bki powinny spe\u0142nia\u0107 nast\u0119puj\u0105ce warunki:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>by\u0107 g\u0142adkie pozbawione warstwy tlenk\u00f3w farb i bez \u015blad\u00f3w po spawaniu,<\/li>\n<li>by\u0107 wybrane z materia\u0142u bez zmian twardo\u015bci powierzchniowej od obr\u00f3bki na zimno i\u00a0nagrzewania,<\/li>\n<li>by\u0107 p\u0142askie i g\u0142adkie, aby zminimalizowa\u0107 wp\u0142yw nier\u00f3wno\u015bci na pomiar,<\/li>\n<li>by\u0107 grube na tyle, aby odcisk nie by\u0142 widoczny na przeciwnej stronie pr\u00f3bki,<\/li>\n<li>minimalna grubo\u015b\u0107 pr\u00f3bki musi by\u0107 10x wi\u0119ksza od trwa\u0142ego przyrostu g\u0142\u0119boko\u015bci <strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong> dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika sto\u017ckowego i 15x wi\u0119ksza ni\u017c <strong><em>h<\/em><\/strong> dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika kulkowego,<\/li>\n<li>do pomiaru pr\u00f3bek o powierzchni sferycznej lub cylindrycznej nale\u017cy stosowa\u0107 poprawki wed\u0142ug tabeli,<\/li>\n<li>pomiary wykonujemy w temperaturze 10 \u00f7 35\u00baC,<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00f3bka musi by\u0107 umieszczona na sztywnym pod\u0142o\u017cu i podparta tak, aby uniemo\u017cliwi\u0107 jej przesuwanie,<\/li>\n<li>powierzchnia badana musi by\u0107 prostopad\u0142a do osi wg\u0142\u0119bnika i dzia\u0142ania si\u0142y obci\u0105\u017caj\u0105cej.<\/li>\n<li>przy badaniu pr\u00f3bek o kszta\u0142cie cylindrycznym konieczne jest stosownie podstawki unieruchamiaj\u0105cej pr\u00f3bk\u0119.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Odpowiednio przygotowane pr\u00f3bki do bada\u0144 posiadaj\u0105 kszta\u0142t p\u0142askich kr\u0105\u017ck\u00f3w b\u0105d\u017a prostok\u0105t\u00f3w. Na pr\u00f3bkach znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 \u015blady po poprzednich pomiarach i ustawiaj\u0105c pr\u00f3bk\u0119 nale\u017cy uwa\u017ca\u0107, aby usytuowa\u0107 wg\u0142\u0119bnik w obszarze gdzie nie ma poprzednich odcisk\u00f3w. Je\u017celi z powodu zbyt du\u017cej liczby odcisk\u00f3w pomiar jest niemo\u017cliwy nale\u017cy odwr\u00f3ci\u0107 pr\u00f3bk\u0119 i zacz\u0105\u0107 pomiary po drugiej stronie pr\u00f3bki. Twardo\u015b\u0107 wyra\u017camy w stopniach Rockwella.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_182\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-182\" style=\"width: 554px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img src=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-191x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"554\" height=\"870\" class=\"wp-image-182\" srcset=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-191x300.png 191w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-652x1024.png 652w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-768x1207.png 768w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-978x1536.png 978w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-1304x2048.png 1304w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-65x102.png 65w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-225x353.png 225w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz-350x550.png 350w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz.png 1634w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-182\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Widok og\u00f3lny twardo\u015bciomierza; 1 &#8211; stolik pomiarowy, 2 &#8211; \u015bruba dociskowa, 3 &#8211; wg\u0142\u0119bnik pomiarowy, 4 &#8211; wska\u017anik odczytowy, 5 &#8211; korba naci\u0105gu spr\u0119\u017cyny, 6 &#8211; przycisk pomiarowy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Przy pomiarach post\u0119pujemy w nast\u0119puj\u0105cy spos\u00f3b:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Za pomoc\u0105 korby naci\u0105gamy spr\u0119\u017cyn\u0119 twardo\u015bciomierza.<\/li>\n<li>Umieszczamy badana pr\u00f3bk\u0119 na stoliku pomiarowym twardo\u015bciomierza.<\/li>\n<li>Pokr\u0119caj\u0105c \u015brub\u0105 dociskow\u0105 w kierunku odwrotnym od wskazywanego przez strza\u0142ki doprowadzamy do styku wg\u0142\u0119bnika z badan\u0105 pr\u00f3bk\u0105.<\/li>\n<li>Zwi\u0119kszamy docisk za pomoc\u0105 \u015bruby a\u017c do momentu, gdy na wska\u017aniku pomiarowym ma\u0142a wskaz\u00f3wka znajdowa\u0107 si\u0119 b\u0119dzie na czerwonym polu, a du\u017ca b\u0119dzie wskazywa\u0107 zero.<\/li>\n<li>Naciskamy przycisk pomiarowy. Nast\u0119puje zwolnienie spr\u0119\u017cyny.<\/li>\n<li>Po zatrzymaniu korby spr\u0119\u017cyny nale\u017cy ponownie j\u0105 naci\u0105gn\u0105\u0107, a ze skali odczyta\u0107 twardo\u015b\u0107.<\/li>\n<li>Przy pomiarach za pomoc\u0105 wg\u0142\u0119bnika diamentowego odczytujemy wskazania ze skali czarnej, a przy wg\u0142\u0119bniku kulkowym ze skali czerwonej.<\/li>\n<li>Po badaniu nale\u017cy pr\u00f3bk\u0119 odsun\u0105\u0107 od wg\u0142\u0119bnika kr\u0119c\u0105c \u015brub\u0105 w kierunku strza\u0142ek.<\/li>\n<li>Wyniki pomiar\u00f3w notujemy w tabeli.<\/li>\n<li>Je\u017celi twardo\u015b\u0107 mierzona przy pomocy wg\u0142\u0119bnika diamentowego jest mniejsza ni\u017c 20 HRC nale\u017cy przej\u015b\u0107 na pomiary wg\u0142\u0119bnikiem kulkowym.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Przy podawaniu twardo\u015bci dla powierzchni zakrzywionych nale\u017cy stosowa\u0107 poprawki wg tabeli.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika typu sto\u017cek diamentowy, skale Rockwella A; C; D<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 255px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 30px\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Twardo\u015b\u0107 Rockwella<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\" colspan=\"9\"><strong>Promie\u0144 krzywizny [mm]<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>6,5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>9,5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>12,5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>16<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>19<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>25<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>30<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>35<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>40<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>45<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>50<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>55<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>60<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>65<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>70<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>75<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>80<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>85<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>90<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em;text-align: initial\">Poprawki wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c 3 HRA; HRC; HRD s\u0105 niedopuszczalne!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Dla wg\u0142\u0119bnika typu kulowego f = 1,5875 mm, skale Rockwella B; F; G<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong>Twardo\u015b\u0107 Rockwella<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 70%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"7\"><strong>Promie\u0144 krzywizny [mm]<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>6,5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>9,5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle;height: 15px\"><strong>12,5<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>20<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>30<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>40<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>50<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>60<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>70<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>80<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>90<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 12.5%;text-align: center\"><strong>100<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">3,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">2,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10%;text-align: center\">0,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Poprawki wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c 5 HRB; HRF; HRG s\u0105 niedopuszczalne!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Dodanie poprawki polega na tym, \u017ce gdy badana powierzchnia ma okre\u015blony promie\u0144 krzywizny powierzchni do u\u015brednionego wyniku uzyskanego w wyniku serii pi\u0119ciu pomiar\u00f3w dodajemy odpowiednio okre\u015blon\u0105 liczb\u0119 stopni Rockwella. Podaj\u0105c warto\u015b\u0107 twardo\u015bci nale\u017cy uwzgl\u0119dni\u0107 dopuszczalny b\u0142\u0105d pomiaru, b\u0142\u0119dy te s\u0105 okre\u015blone przez norm\u0119 a ich warto\u015bci podaje tabela. Prawid\u0142owo podana twardo\u015b\u0107 to np. (25 \u00b12) HRC.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 428px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 30px;text-align: center;vertical-align: middle\"><strong>Skala twardo\u015bci Rockwella<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 30px;text-align: center\"><strong>Zakres wzorc\u00f3w<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 30px;text-align: center\"><strong>Dopuszczalny b\u0142\u0105d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 30px;text-align: center\"><strong>Dopuszczalna powtarzalno\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">20 HRA do \u2264 75 HRA<br \/>\n&gt; 75 HRA do \u2264 88 HRA<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 2 HRA<br \/>\n\u00b1 1,5 HRA<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,02(100-H)<sup>(a)<\/sup><br \/>\nlub 0,8 jednostki HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 90px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">20 HRB do \u2264 45 HRB<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit\">45 HRB do \u2264 80 HRB<br \/>\n<\/span>&gt; 80 HRB do \u2264 100 HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 4 HRB<br \/>\n\u00b1 3 HRB<br \/>\n\u00b1 2 HRB<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 90px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)<br \/>\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">20 HRC do \u2264 70 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 1,5 HRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 31px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,02(100-H)<br \/>\nlub 0,8 jednostki HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">D<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">40 HRD do \u2264 70 HRD<br \/>\n&gt; 70 HRD do \u2264 77 HRD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 2 HRD<br \/>\n\u00b1 1,5 HRD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)<br \/>\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">E<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">70 HRE do \u2264 90 HRE<br \/>\n&gt; 90 HRE do \u2264 100 HRE<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 2,5 HRE<br \/>\n\u00b1 2 HRE<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)<br \/>\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 60px\">\n<td style=\"width: 15.9536%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">F<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0826%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">80 HRF do \u2264 90 HRF<br \/>\n&gt; 90 HRF do \u2264 100 HRF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.4191%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u00b1 3 HRF<br \/>\n\u00b1 2 HRF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 31.6171%;height: 60px;text-align: center\">\u2264 0,04(100-H)<br \/>\nlub 1,2 jednostki HRA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 100.072%\" colspan=\"4\">(a) &#8211; zawsze nale\u017cy wybra\u0107 warto\u015b\u0107 wi\u0119ksz\u0105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 100.072%;height: 15px\" colspan=\"4\">H &#8211; \u015brednia twardo\u015b\u0107 Rockwella z minimum pi\u0119ciu pomiar\u00f3w<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>4. Opracowanie wynik\u00f3w<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Otrzymane wyniki twardo\u015bci nale\u017cy zanotowa\u0107 w tabeli, a nast\u0119pnie wyliczy\u0107 \u015bredni\u0105 twardo\u015b\u0107 dla danego materia\u0142u. Pomiary walca zanotowa\u0107 dla przynajmniej trzech stref o r\u00f3\u017cnej twardo\u015bci. Nast\u0119pnie nale\u017cy oznaczy\u0107 b\u0142\u0105d pomiaru oraz jego powtarzalno\u015b\u0107. Dla pr\u00f3bek o nieznanych nazwach nale\u017cy przy pomocy literatury spr\u00f3bowa\u0107 ustali\u0107 rodzaj materia\u0142u, z kt\u00f3rego zosta\u0142y wykonane. Poni\u017cej przedstawiono przyk\u0142adowa tabel\u0119 pomiarow\u0105.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 160px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Lp.<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Rodzaj materia\u0142u<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Skala twardo\u015bci<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Twardo\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>\u015arednia twardo\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>B\u0142\u0105d pomiaru<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px;text-align: center\"><strong>Powtarzalno\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px;text-align: center\" rowspan=\"5\">1.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 70px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 10px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px;text-align: center\" rowspan=\"5\">2.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 75px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\" rowspan=\"5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.2857%;height: 15px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Rysunek poni\u017cej\u00a0 przedstawia budow\u0119 wewn\u0119trzn\u0105 przyk\u0142adowego twardo\u015bciomierza Rockwella.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-235x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"807\" height=\"1030\" class=\"wp-image-183 aligncenter\" srcset=\"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-235x300.png 235w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-803x1024.png 803w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-768x980.png 768w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-1204x1536.png 1204w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-1605x2048.png 1605w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-65x83.png 65w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-225x287.png 225w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat-350x447.png 350w, http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/2022\/10\/twardosciomierz_schemat.png 1750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 807px) 100vw, 807px\" \/><\/p>\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ol>\n<li>T\u0142umik olejowy<\/li>\n<li>D\u017awignia<\/li>\n<li>Trzpie\u0144 mierniczy<\/li>\n<li>Wg\u0142\u0119bnik<\/li>\n<li>Czujnik<\/li>\n<li>Korbka<\/li>\n<li>\u015aruba podno\u015bna<\/li>\n<li>Stolik przedmiotowy<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>Stolik przedmiotowy<\/li>\n<li>K\u00f3\u0142ko<\/li>\n<li>P\u0142yta g\u00f3rna<\/li>\n<li>\u015aruba oporowa<\/li>\n<li>Zwalniacz<\/li>\n<li>Ko\u0142o z\u0119bate<\/li>\n<li>Segment z\u0119baty<\/li>\n<li>Segment z\u0119baty<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3333%\">\n<ol start=\"17\">\n<li>Z\u0119batka z trzpieniem<\/li>\n<li>Wieszak z szalk\u0105<\/li>\n<li>Obci\u0105\u017cnik<\/li>\n<li>Przedmiot badany<\/li>\n<li>\u015aruba regulacyjna<\/li>\n<li>Nakr\u0119tka<\/li>\n<li>Urz\u0105dzenie dociskowe<\/li>\n<li>Spr\u0119\u017cyna<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":180,"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176\/revisions\/180"}],"part":[{"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/176\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=176"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=176"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/pb.ee.pw.edu.pl\/pb\/meim\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}